Arithmetic Operators
For the FPGA, division and multiplication are very expensive and sometimes you cannot synthesize division. If you use Z or X for values the result is unknown. The operations treat the values as unsigned. If a = 5, b=10, c=2’b01 and d = 2’b0Z .
Character | Operation performed | Example |
+ | Add | b + c = 11 |
- | Subtract | b - c = 9, -b=-10 |
/ | Divide | b / a = 2 |
* | Multiply | a * b = 50 |
% | Modulus | b % a = 0 |
Bitwise Operators
Each bit is operated, result is the size of the largest operand and the smaller operand is left extended with zeroes to the size of the bigger operand. If a = 3’b101, b=3’b110 and c=3’b01X .
Character | Operation performed | Example |
~ | Invert each bit | ~a = 3’b010 |
& | And each bit | b & c = 3’b010 |
| | Or each bit | a | b = 3’b111 |
^ | Xor each bit | a ^ b = 3’b011 |
^~ or ~^ | Xnor each bit | a ^~ b = 3’b100 |
Reduction Operators
These operators reduces the vectors to only one bit. If there are the characters z and x the result can be a known value. If a = 5’b10101, b = 4’b0011, c = 3’bz00 and d = 3’bx011 .
Character | Operation performed | Example |
& | And all bits | &a = 1’b0, &d = 1’b0 |
~& | Nand all bits | ~&a = 1’b1 |
| | Or all bits | |a = 1’b1, |c = 1’bX |
~| | Nor all bits | ~|a= 1’b0 |
^ | Xor all bits | ^a = 1’b1 |
^~ or ~^ | Xnor all bits | ~^a = 1’b0 |
Relational Operators
These operators compare operands and results a 1 bit scalar boolean value. The case equality and inequality operators can be used for unknown or high impedance values (z or x) and if the two operands are unknown the result is a 1. If a = 3’b010, b = 3’b100, c = 3’b111, d = 3’b01z and e = 3’b01X .
Character | Operation performed | Example |
> | Greater than | a > b = 1’b0 |
< | Smaller than | a < b = 1’b1 |
>= | Greater than or equal | a >= d = 1’bX |
<= | Smaller than or equal | a <= e = 1’bX |
== | Equality | a == b = 1’b0 |
!= | Inequality | a != b = 1’b1 |
=== | Case equality | e === e = 1’b1 |
!== | Case inequality | a !== d = 1’b1 |
Logical Operators
These operators compare operands and results a 1 bit scalar boolean value. If a = 3’b010 and b = 3’b000.
Character | Operation performed | Example |
! | Not true | !(a && b) = 1’b1 |
&& | Both expressions true | a && b = 1’b0 |
|| | One or both expressions true | a || b = 1’b1 |
Shift Operators
These operators shift operands to the right or left, the size is kept constant, shifted bits are lost and the vector is filled with zeroes. If a = 4’b1010 and b = 4’b10X0.
Character | Operation performed | Example |
>> | Shift right | b >> 1 results 4’b010X |
<< | Shift left | a << 2 results 4’b1000 |
Other Operators
These are operators used for condition testing and to create vectors. If a = 4’b1010 and b = 4’b10X0.
Character | Operation performed | Example |
?: | Conditions testing | test cond. ? if true do this : if not do this |
{} | Concatenate | c = {a,b} = 8’101010x0 |
{{}} | Replicate | {3{2’b10}}= 6’b101010 |
Operators Precedence
The order of the table tells what operation is made first, the first ones has the highest priority. The () can be used to override default.
Operators precedence:
+, -, !, ~ (Unary)
+,- (Binary)
<<, >>
<,>,<=,>=
==, !=
&
^, ^~ or ~^
|
&&
||
?:
wReferences
Verilog HDL Basics - Altera